Preface xi

Acknowledgment xiii

1 Cytologic Analysis of Cells 1

1.1 Approach to Cytology Samples 1

1.2 Sample Quality and Background 1

1.3 Cell Types 4

1.4 Cell Shape, Distribution, and Features 17

1.5 Benign Versus Malignant 17

References 30

2 Infectious Agents 33

2.1 Fungi 33

2.2 Oomycetes 40

2.3 Algae 40

2.4 Mesomycetozoea 42

2.5 Protozoa 43

2.6 Helminths 48

2.7 Bacteria 51

2.8 Ectoparasites 57

References 59

3 Integument 63

3.1 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions 63

References 102

4 Hemolymphatic 107

4.1 Lymph Nodes 107

4.2 Spleen 118

4.3 Thymus 131

4.4 Bone Marrow 133

References 151

5 Body Cavity Fluids 155

5.1 General Classification 155

5.2 Specific Effusions 157

References 167

6 Musculoskeletal 169

6.1 Bone 169

6.2 Joints 175

6.3 Muscle 183

References 186

7 Hepatobiliary 189

7.1 Liver 189

7.2 Biliary Tract 202

References 205

8 Digestive System 207

8.1 Salivary Glands 207

8.2 Stomach/Intestines 210

8.3 Feces 217

8.4 Pancreas 222

References 229

9 Urinary 233

9.1 Kidney 233

9.2 Bladder 237

9.3 Urine 240

9.4 Urinary Crystals 245

9.5 Urinary Casts 248

References 253

10 Respiratory 255

10.1 Nasal Cavity 255

10.2 Lung 259

10.3 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)/Transtracheal Wash (TTW) 263

References 270

11 Endocrine 273

11.1 Thyroid 273

11.2 Parathyroid 276

11.3 Chemoreceptor Tumors 277

11.4 Adrenal Gland 279

11.5 Pituitary Gland 281

References 283

12 Reproductive 285

Male 285

12.1 Testes 285

12.2 Semen Analysis 289

12.3 Prostate 290

12.4 Penis 298

Female 298

12.5 Ovary 298

12.6 Mammary Glands 301

12.7 Vaginal Cytology 304

References 313

13 Neurologic 317

13.1 Brain 317

13.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 325

13.3 Spinal Cord 337

References 338

14 Ocular and Special Senses 341

14.1 Eyes: Cornea 341

14.2 Eyes: Conjunctiva 344

14.3 Ears 346

References 350

Index 353