Atlas of Feline Surgical Techniques

ISBN 9781957260587
Binding Hard cover
Dimensions 22 X 28
Language English
page 368

Comprehensive, specialised and practical atlas useful for anyone who is starting out or who wants to delve deeper in the differential aspects of the cat as a surgical patient. It covers the most common surgical interventions in the feline species which are duly explained through photographs and detailed illustrations. The authors have many years of experience in feline medicine and surgery, and their goal is to impart their knowledge in the most practical way possible.

Strengths

• High illustrated: 350 images 250 illustrations 18 videos
• Both general surgery and orthopedics are discussed
• Very practical approach

Authors

Alberto Barneto, DVM, ESVPS Cert SAS, Clínica Veterinaria Ayavet, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid), Spain

Salvador Cervantes Sala, DVM, S&A Veterinaris, Barcelona (Spain) 

Anna Calvet Alemany, DVM, ESVPS Cert SAS, Clínica Felina Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Antonio Peña Rodríguez, DVM, DESVPS, Associate Professor of Surgery at Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Llibertat Real Sampietro, DVM, AVEPA-certified in feline medicine, Clínica Veterinaria Ayavet, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid), Spain

Table of contents

1 OVERVIEW

1 THE FELINE SURGICAL PATIENT   2
Introduction   2
Characteristics of the cat as a surgical patient   2
Adaptation of the operating room and surgical environment   2
Perioperative considerations   5
  Fasting and reintroduction of oral feeding   5
  Reduction of perioperative stress   5
  Feline patient monitoring and surveillance   6

2 FELINE SEDATION, ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA   8
Introduction   8
Phases of anesthesia   8
  Sedation or tranquilization   8
  Induction (with intubation)   8
  Maintenance   8
  Recovery   8
Feline anesthesia and sedation pharmacology   9
  Sedatives   9
Phenothiazines   9
2-adrenergic agonists   9
Benzodiazepines   10
  Opioids   10
    Pure opioids   10
    Partial agonist opioids   10
    Agonist-antagonist opioids   10
  Dissociative agents   11
  Steroid agents   11
  Phenolic agents   11
  Imidazole agents   11
  Halogenated agents   12

3 POSTOPERATIVE CARE IN FELINE MEDICINE   14
Introduction   14
Recovery or immediate postoperative period   14
Awakening management   14
  Pain control   14
  Infection control   15
  Temperature control   15
  Blood glucose control   16
  Inflammation control   16
Long-term postoperative period   16
  Functional recovery control   17
  Pain control   17
  Infection control   17
Feeding tubes   17
  Enteral versus parenteral feeding   17
  When to opt for enteral tube feeding   17
  Feeding tubes used in cats   18
    Nasoesophageal tubes   18
    Esophagostomy tubes   20
    Gastrostomy tubes   21

4 SUTURE TYPES AND TECHNIQUES ..   23
Introduction   23
Types of sutures   23
  Absorbable sutures   23
  Nonabsorbable sutures   23
Suture techniques   24
  Common suture patterns in feline medicine   24
    Interrupted patterns   24
    Continuous patterns   25
    Retention sutures   26
Suture needles   27

5 SURGICAL MATERIALS   29
Materials required for all feline surgeries   29
Materials for biopsy collection   30
Materials for dental extractions   32
Materials for nasal surgery   33
Materials for trauma and orthopedic surgery   33
Electrosurgery equipment   36
  Monopolar electrosurgery   36
  Bipolar electrosurgery   36
Ultrasonic coagulation equipment   36
Maintenance and sterilization of the material   37

6 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING   38
Radiology   38
Ultrasound   38
Computed tomography (CT)   39
Magnetic resonance (MR)   40
Scintigraphy   40
Endoscopy   40

7 BIOPSY TECHNIQUES AND MOST COMMON USES IN FELINE MEDICINE   43
Gastrointestinal biopsy   43
  Stomach biopsy   44
  Small intestine biopsy   44
  Large intestine biopsy   45
Liver biopsy   46
Pancreatic biopsy   48
Renal biopsy   49
Lymph node biopsy   49
Splenic biopsy   51
Conjunctival biopsy   51
Biopsy of skin and subcutaneous tissue   52

8 WOUND MANAGEMENT   55
Characteristics of wounds in cats   55
Phases of wound healing   55
Wound management   56
  Wound closure options   56
  Initial treatment of the wounded cat   57
  Initial care   57
  Definitive wound treatment   57
    Daily care   57
    Bandages   61


2 SKIN SURGERY

 
9 MOST COMMON FLAPS AND PLASTIES IN FELINE SURGERY   66
Surgical anatomy   66
Skin flaps   66
  Most common local skin flaps   67
  Elbow skin fold (axillary skin fold) reconstruction   69
Distant flaps: axial pattern flaps   71
  Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap   72
  Thoracodorsal axial pattern flap   75
  Caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap   77
Postoperative management and complications   77

10 MOST COMMON SKIN TUMORS IN THE CAT   79
Introduction   79
Classification of skin tumors   80
General diagnostic approach
and staging of skin tumors   80
Preoperative tests   80
Diagnosis and treatment of the most common skin tumors   82
  Basal cell tumor   82
  Fibrosarcoma   83
  Squamous cell carcinoma   83
  Mast cell tumor   85
  Melanoma   86
  Diffuse or multifocal cutaneous neoplasms   86
    Cutaneous lymphoma   86
    Feline progressive histiocytosis   87
Surgical procedures associated with skin tumors   87

11 MAMMARY SURGERY   89
Surgical anatomy   89
  Vascularization   89
  Lymphatic drainage   90
Diseases of the mammary glands   90
  Nonneoplastic lesions   90
    Inflammatory: mastitis   90
    Noninflammatory: fibroadenomatoid hyperplasia   90
  Neoplastic lesions   91
    Benign tumors   91
    Malignant tumors   91
Diagnosis   91
Preoperative considerations   92
Surgical techniques   93
  Unilateral mastectomy   93
  Bilateral mastectomy   94
Complications   94
  Tension   94
  Seroma   94
  Other complications   95
Prognosis   95
Adjuvant treatments: chemotherapy   95

12 FELINE INJECTION-SITE SARCOMA   97
Introduction   97
Epidemiology and risk factors   97
Clinical course and signs   98
Diagnosis   98
Treatment   100
  Surgical technique   100
  Radiation therapy   102
  Chemotherapy   102
  Electrochemotherapy   102
  Immunotherapy   102
Prevention   103
Prognosis   103


3 HEAD AND NECK SURGERY

 
13 RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY OF THE HARD AND SOFT PALATE   106
Surgical anatomy   106
Surgical diseases of the feline palate   106
  Cleft palate   106
  Palate fracture   107
  Oronasal fistulas   107
  Neoplasms of the palate   107
Diagnosis   107
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   108
Surgical techniques   108
  Double mucoperiosteal flap (hinged flap + bipedicled flap) for closure of a congenital cleft palate   108
  Split palatal U-flap   109
  Double-layer flap (hinge flap + transposition flap)   113
Complications   114

14 FELINE DENTAL EXTRACTIONS   116
Surgical anatomy   116
Surgical diseases of the oral cavity   117
  Feline chronic gingivostomatitis   118
  Periodontal disease   118
  Tooth resorption   119
  Dental fractures   120
  Pyogenic granulomas   120
  Dental anomalies   121
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   121
Surgical tooth extraction techniques   122
  Closed tooth extraction   122
  Open or surgical tooth extraction   123
Postoperative complications   123
  Excessive bleeding at the extraction site   123
  Acute pain or orofacial pain syndrome   125
  Root remnants and root displacement   125
  Lip entrapment   125
  Trauma to the eyeball   125
  Bone fractures and necrosis   125

15 NASAL PLANUM AND NASAL CAVITY SURGERY   127
Surgical anatomy   127
Surgical diseases   128
Diagnosis   130
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   131
Surgical techniques   131
Techniques for resolving stenotic nostrils   132
Wedge resection of the alar cartilage   132
Single pedicle advancement flap   133
Surgical treatment techniques
for nasal planum tumors   134
Lip-to-nose flap   134
Total planectomy   134
Dorsal rhinotomy   136
Complications   137
Bibliography   138

16 NASOPHARYNGEAL POLYPS AND STENOSIS   139
Surgical anatomy   139
Surgical diseases of the nasopharynx   140
  Nasopharyngeal foreign bodies   140
  Nasopharyngeal tumors   140
  Nasopharyngitis   141
  Nasopharyngeal stenosis   141
Diagnosis   141
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   143
Surgical techniques   144
  Removal of a nasopharyngeal polyp via traction?avulsion   144
  Resolution of nasopharyngeal stenosis   145
    Removal of the stenotic issue  145
    Dilation of the stenosis  145
    Endoprosthesis (stent) placement  147
Postoperative care and complications   148

17 EYELID AND ORBITAL SURGERY   150
Surgical anatomy   150
Surgical diseases   152
Ankyloblepharon   152
Coloboma   153
Entropion   153
Palpebral neoplasia   153
Corneal ulcer   154
Orbital neoplasia   154
Inflammatory diseases of the orbit   154
Proptosis/exophthalmos   154
Diagnosis   154
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   155
Surgical techniques   155
Tarsorrhaphy   155
Tarsorrhaphy of the nictitating membrane   155
Tarsorrhaphy of the main eyelids   155
Resection of palpebral tumors   158
Simple wedge resection technique   158
H-plasty technique   158
Entropion correction technique   158
Reconstructive flaps   160
Enucleation   160
Transpalpebral enucleation   160
Transconjunctival enucleation   161
Complications   161

18 EAR CANAL AND MIDDLE EAR SURGERY   163
Surgical anatomy   163
Outer ear   163
Middle ear   163
Inner ear   164
Surgical diseases   164
Diagnosis   166
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   167
Surgical techniques   167
Pinnectomy   167
Vertical or total ear canal ablation   167
Ventral bulla osteotomy   170
Complications   172

19 THYROID AND PARATHYROID
Surgical anatomy   174
Surgical diseases of the thyroid gland   175
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   176
Thyroidectomy for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism   177
Complications   182


4 ABDOMINAL SURGERY


20 FELINE ABDOMINAL CAVITY HERNIAS   184
Introduction   184
Anatomy of the abdominal cavity   185
Surgical diseases of the abdomen   187
Exploratory laparotomy   187
Surgical technique   188
Postoperative complications   189
Hernias in the abdominal cavity   189
Peritoneal?diaphragmatic hernias   190
Inguinal hernias   196
Umbilical hernias   196
Abdominal wall hernias and ruptures   196
Bibliography   198

21 GASTRIC FOREIGN BODIES AND TUMORS   199
Surgical anatomy   199
Surgical diseases of the stomach in cats   200
Diagnosis   201
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   202
Surgical techniques   203
Gastrotomy   203
Y-U pyloroplasty   204
Postoperative care   206
Complications   206
Bibliography   207

22 INTESTINAL FOREIGN BODIES AND TUMORS   208
Surgical anatomy   208
General diagnostic approach to surgical
diseases of the intestine   210
Clinical signs   210
Pathophysiology of obstruction   210
Diagnostic tests   210
Radiology   210
Ultrasound   212
Endoscopy   212
Abdominocentesis   212
Blood testing   213
Surgical pathologies of the small intestine   213
Foreign bodies   213
Intussusception   214
Mesenteric volvulus   214
Trauma   215
Neoplasia   215
Nonneoplastic lesions: polyps and granulomas   216
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   216
Surgical techniques   216
Intestinal biopsy   216
Enterotomy   216
Enterectomy and anastomosis   217
Postoperative care   218
Bibliography   220

23 PERIANAL SURGERY   221
Surgical anatomy   221
Anal and perianal surgical diseases   221
Anal atresia   221
Incomplete anogenital closure   222
Anal sac disease   222
Perianal fistulas   223
Anal stenosis   223
Anal/rectal prolapse   224
Surgical techniques   224
Reconstruction of the anus in anal atresia   224
Treatment of rectal prolapse   227
Colopexy   227
Anal sacculectomy   228
Open technique   228
Closed technique   228
Complications and postoperative care   229
Bibliography   229

24 SPLENECTOMY   230
Surgical anatomy   230
Splenic diseases   230
Splenic torsion   233
Preoperative considerations   233
Surgical techniques   233
Total splenectomy   233
Partial splenectomy   234
Complications and postoperative care   234

25 KIDNEY AND URETER SURGERY   236
Surgical anatomy   236
Anatomy of the kidney   236
Anatomy of the feline ureter   237
Surgical diseases of the kidney   237
Nephrolithiasis   237
Trauma   237
Neoplasia   238
Renal abscesses   239
Idiopathic renal hematuria   239
Surgical diseases of the ureter   239
Ureterolithiasis   239
Ureteral trauma/rupture   239
Ureteral neoplasia   240
Ureteral ectopia   240
Diagnosis   240
Preoperative considerations   240
Surgical techniques for the kidney   242
Renal biopsy   242
Percutaneous biopsy   242
Ultrasound-guided biopsy   243
Open biopsy   243
Nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy   243
Nephroureterectomy   244
Partial nephrectomy   244
Surgical techniques for the ureter   245
Ureterotomy   246
Ureteral endoprosthesis (stent)   246
Subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) system   247
Postoperative care   251

26 BLADDER SURGERY   253
Surgical anatomy   253
Surgical diseases of the feline bladder   254
Diagnosis   256
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   257
Surgical techniques   258
Cystotomy/cystectomy   258
Cystostomy tubes   259
Complications   261
Bibliography   261

27 URETHROSTOMY   262
Surgical anatomy   262
Surgical diseases of the feline urethra   263
Diagnosis   264
Preoperative and postoperative considerations   266
Surgical techniques   266
Perineal urethrostomy   266
Modified urethrostomy using preputial mucosa   267
Prepubic urethrostomy   269

28 ORCHIECTOMY AND CRYPTORCHIDISM   272
Surgical anatomy   272
Surgical diseases of the male reproductive system   273
Surgical procedures of the scrotum and testicles   273
Cryptorchidism   273
Testicular tumors   275
Surgical procedures of the penis and prepuce   275
Surgical procedures of the prostate   275
Surgical techniques   275
Orchiectomy   275
Resolution of cryptorchidism   277
Inguinal testicle   277
Abdominal testicle   277
Complications   277
Bibliography   278

29 OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY, PYOMETRA AND CAESAREAN SECTION   279
Surgical anatomy   279
Surgical diseases of the ovary   280
Congenital ovarian abnormalities   280
Ovarian cysts   280
Ovarian tumors   280
Ovarian remnant syndrome   281
Surgical diseases of the uterus   281
Congenital uterine abnormalities   281
Uterine tumors   282
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra   282
Surgical techniques   282
Midline ovariohysterectomy   282
Flank ovariohysterectomy   284
Ovariectomy   284
Technique selection: ovariectomy or ovariohysterectomy?   285
Pyometra as a special case   285
Surgical technique in pyometra   286
Caesarean section   286
Dystocia   286
When to intervene?   286
Anesthetic considerations   287
Surgical technique in cesarean section   287
Postoperative complications and prognosis   288
Uterine prolapse   288
Galactostasis and mastitis   288
Postpartum metritis   288
Hemorrhage   289
Inadvertent ligation of the ureter   289
Stump pyometra   289
External suture dehiscence   289
Peritonitis   289
Adhesions   290
Bibliography   290


5 TRAUMATOLOGY IN CATS  


30 ASSESSMENT AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF POLYTRAUMATIZED CATS   292
Initial assessment of polytraumatized cats   292
Complementary tests   295
Pain management for polytraumatized patients   295
Initial treatment of fractures   296
Bibliography   299

31 COMMON FRACTURES OF THE FORELIMB IN
POLYTRAUMATIZED CATS   300
Fractures of the humeral diaphysis   300
Surgical anatomy and approach   300
Stabilization of fractures   301
Complications   304
Fractures of the distal humeral epiphysis   305
Surgical anatomy   305
Fractures and stabilization methods   305
Complications   306
Fractures of the radius and ulna   307
Surgical anatomy and approach   307
Stabilization of fractures   307
Complications   308
Carpal injuries   309
Fracture of the accessory bone of the carpus   309
Injuries caused by hyperextension of the carpus   309
Surgical approach   309
Partial carpal arthrodesis   310
Pancarpal arthrodesis   310
Complications   312
Fractures of the metacarpal bones   313
Surgical approach   313
Treatment of fractures   313
Complications   313
Bibliography   314

32 FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS AND COXOFEMORAL JOINT   315
Introduction   315
Clinical signs   315
Sacroiliac luxation   316
Treatment   316
Complications   318
Iliac fractures   318
Treatment   318
Complications   319
Acetabular fractures   319
Treatment   319
Complications   321
Ischial fractures   321
Coxofemoral luxation   321
Treatment   322
Complications   325
Bibliography   327

33 COMMON FRACTURES OF THE HIND LIMB IN POLYTRAUMATIZED CATS   328
Femoral fractures   328
Fractures of the proximal femur   328
Treatment   329
Complications   331
Fractures of the femoral diaphysis   331
Treatment   331
Complications   334
Fractures of the distal femur   334
Treatment   334
Complications   336
Tibial and fibular fractures   337
Forms of stabilization   337
Fractures of the proximal tibia and fibula   339
Fractures of the tibial and fibular diaphysis   339
Fractures of the distal tibia and malleolus
of the fibula   340
Complications   341
Tarsal injuries   342
Calcaneal fractures   342
Tibiotarsal joint luxation   343
Tarsal arthrodesis   343
Partial tarsal arthrodesis   343
Pantarsal arthrodesis   344
Complications   344
Metatarsal fracture   345
Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
of the stifle   345
Treatment   346
Extracapsular lateral suture stabilization   347
Complications   348
Bibliography   351

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