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Atlas of Feline Surgical Techniques
ISBN 9781957260587
Binding Hard cover
Dimensions 22 X 28
Language English
page 368
Comprehensive, specialised and practical atlas useful for anyone who is starting out or who wants to delve deeper in the differential aspects of the cat as a surgical patient. It covers the most common surgical interventions in the feline species which are duly explained through photographs and detailed illustrations. The authors have many years of experience in feline medicine and surgery, and their goal is to impart their knowledge in the most practical way possible.
Strengths
Authors
Alberto Barneto, DVM, ESVPS Cert SAS, Clínica Veterinaria Ayavet, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid), Spain
Salvador Cervantes Sala, DVM, S&A Veterinaris, Barcelona (Spain)
Anna Calvet Alemany, DVM, ESVPS Cert SAS, Clínica Felina Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Antonio Peña Rodríguez, DVM, DESVPS, Associate Professor of Surgery at Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Llibertat Real Sampietro, DVM, AVEPA-certified in feline medicine, Clínica Veterinaria Ayavet, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid), Spain
Table of contents
1 OVERVIEW
1 THE FELINE SURGICAL PATIENT 2
Introduction 2
Characteristics of the cat as a surgical patient 2
Adaptation of the operating room and surgical environment 2
Perioperative considerations 5
Fasting and reintroduction of oral feeding 5
Reduction of perioperative stress 5
Feline patient monitoring and surveillance 6
2 FELINE SEDATION, ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 8
Introduction 8
Phases of anesthesia 8
Sedation or tranquilization 8
Induction (with intubation) 8
Maintenance 8
Recovery 8
Feline anesthesia and sedation pharmacology 9
Sedatives 9
Phenothiazines 9
2-adrenergic agonists 9
Benzodiazepines 10
Opioids 10
Pure opioids 10
Partial agonist opioids 10
Agonist-antagonist opioids 10
Dissociative agents 11
Steroid agents 11
Phenolic agents 11
Imidazole agents 11
Halogenated agents 12
3 POSTOPERATIVE CARE IN FELINE MEDICINE 14
Introduction 14
Recovery or immediate postoperative period 14
Awakening management 14
Pain control 14
Infection control 15
Temperature control 15
Blood glucose control 16
Inflammation control 16
Long-term postoperative period 16
Functional recovery control 17
Pain control 17
Infection control 17
Feeding tubes 17
Enteral versus parenteral feeding 17
When to opt for enteral tube feeding 17
Feeding tubes used in cats 18
Nasoesophageal tubes 18
Esophagostomy tubes 20
Gastrostomy tubes 21
4 SUTURE TYPES AND TECHNIQUES .. 23
Introduction 23
Types of sutures 23
Absorbable sutures 23
Nonabsorbable sutures 23
Suture techniques 24
Common suture patterns in feline medicine 24
Interrupted patterns 24
Continuous patterns 25
Retention sutures 26
Suture needles 27
5 SURGICAL MATERIALS 29
Materials required for all feline surgeries 29
Materials for biopsy collection 30
Materials for dental extractions 32
Materials for nasal surgery 33
Materials for trauma and orthopedic surgery 33
Electrosurgery equipment 36
Monopolar electrosurgery 36
Bipolar electrosurgery 36
Ultrasonic coagulation equipment 36
Maintenance and sterilization of the material 37
6 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING 38
Radiology 38
Ultrasound 38
Computed tomography (CT) 39
Magnetic resonance (MR) 40
Scintigraphy 40
Endoscopy 40
7 BIOPSY TECHNIQUES AND MOST COMMON USES IN FELINE MEDICINE 43
Gastrointestinal biopsy 43
Stomach biopsy 44
Small intestine biopsy 44
Large intestine biopsy 45
Liver biopsy 46
Pancreatic biopsy 48
Renal biopsy 49
Lymph node biopsy 49
Splenic biopsy 51
Conjunctival biopsy 51
Biopsy of skin and subcutaneous tissue 52
8 WOUND MANAGEMENT 55
Characteristics of wounds in cats 55
Phases of wound healing 55
Wound management 56
Wound closure options 56
Initial treatment of the wounded cat 57
Initial care 57
Definitive wound treatment 57
Daily care 57
Bandages 61
2 SKIN SURGERY
9 MOST COMMON FLAPS AND PLASTIES IN FELINE SURGERY 66
Surgical anatomy 66
Skin flaps 66
Most common local skin flaps 67
Elbow skin fold (axillary skin fold) reconstruction 69
Distant flaps: axial pattern flaps 71
Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap 72
Thoracodorsal axial pattern flap 75
Caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap 77
Postoperative management and complications 77
10 MOST COMMON SKIN TUMORS IN THE CAT 79
Introduction 79
Classification of skin tumors 80
General diagnostic approach
and staging of skin tumors 80
Preoperative tests 80
Diagnosis and treatment of the most common skin tumors 82
Basal cell tumor 82
Fibrosarcoma 83
Squamous cell carcinoma 83
Mast cell tumor 85
Melanoma 86
Diffuse or multifocal cutaneous neoplasms 86
Cutaneous lymphoma 86
Feline progressive histiocytosis 87
Surgical procedures associated with skin tumors 87
11 MAMMARY SURGERY 89
Surgical anatomy 89
Vascularization 89
Lymphatic drainage 90
Diseases of the mammary glands 90
Nonneoplastic lesions 90
Inflammatory: mastitis 90
Noninflammatory: fibroadenomatoid hyperplasia 90
Neoplastic lesions 91
Benign tumors 91
Malignant tumors 91
Diagnosis 91
Preoperative considerations 92
Surgical techniques 93
Unilateral mastectomy 93
Bilateral mastectomy 94
Complications 94
Tension 94
Seroma 94
Other complications 95
Prognosis 95
Adjuvant treatments: chemotherapy 95
12 FELINE INJECTION-SITE SARCOMA 97
Introduction 97
Epidemiology and risk factors 97
Clinical course and signs 98
Diagnosis 98
Treatment 100
Surgical technique 100
Radiation therapy 102
Chemotherapy 102
Electrochemotherapy 102
Immunotherapy 102
Prevention 103
Prognosis 103
3 HEAD AND NECK SURGERY
13 RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY OF THE HARD AND SOFT PALATE 106
Surgical anatomy 106
Surgical diseases of the feline palate 106
Cleft palate 106
Palate fracture 107
Oronasal fistulas 107
Neoplasms of the palate 107
Diagnosis 107
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 108
Surgical techniques 108
Double mucoperiosteal flap (hinged flap + bipedicled flap) for closure of a congenital cleft palate 108
Split palatal U-flap 109
Double-layer flap (hinge flap + transposition flap) 113
Complications 114
14 FELINE DENTAL EXTRACTIONS 116
Surgical anatomy 116
Surgical diseases of the oral cavity 117
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis 118
Periodontal disease 118
Tooth resorption 119
Dental fractures 120
Pyogenic granulomas 120
Dental anomalies 121
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 121
Surgical tooth extraction techniques 122
Closed tooth extraction 122
Open or surgical tooth extraction 123
Postoperative complications 123
Excessive bleeding at the extraction site 123
Acute pain or orofacial pain syndrome 125
Root remnants and root displacement 125
Lip entrapment 125
Trauma to the eyeball 125
Bone fractures and necrosis 125
15 NASAL PLANUM AND NASAL CAVITY SURGERY 127
Surgical anatomy 127
Surgical diseases 128
Diagnosis 130
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 131
Surgical techniques 131
Techniques for resolving stenotic nostrils 132
Wedge resection of the alar cartilage 132
Single pedicle advancement flap 133
Surgical treatment techniques
for nasal planum tumors 134
Lip-to-nose flap 134
Total planectomy 134
Dorsal rhinotomy 136
Complications 137
Bibliography 138
16 NASOPHARYNGEAL POLYPS AND STENOSIS 139
Surgical anatomy 139
Surgical diseases of the nasopharynx 140
Nasopharyngeal foreign bodies 140
Nasopharyngeal tumors 140
Nasopharyngitis 141
Nasopharyngeal stenosis 141
Diagnosis 141
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 143
Surgical techniques 144
Removal of a nasopharyngeal polyp via traction?avulsion 144
Resolution of nasopharyngeal stenosis 145
Removal of the stenotic issue 145
Dilation of the stenosis 145
Endoprosthesis (stent) placement 147
Postoperative care and complications 148
17 EYELID AND ORBITAL SURGERY 150
Surgical anatomy 150
Surgical diseases 152
Ankyloblepharon 152
Coloboma 153
Entropion 153
Palpebral neoplasia 153
Corneal ulcer 154
Orbital neoplasia 154
Inflammatory diseases of the orbit 154
Proptosis/exophthalmos 154
Diagnosis 154
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 155
Surgical techniques 155
Tarsorrhaphy 155
Tarsorrhaphy of the nictitating membrane 155
Tarsorrhaphy of the main eyelids 155
Resection of palpebral tumors 158
Simple wedge resection technique 158
H-plasty technique 158
Entropion correction technique 158
Reconstructive flaps 160
Enucleation 160
Transpalpebral enucleation 160
Transconjunctival enucleation 161
Complications 161
18 EAR CANAL AND MIDDLE EAR SURGERY 163
Surgical anatomy 163
Outer ear 163
Middle ear 163
Inner ear 164
Surgical diseases 164
Diagnosis 166
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 167
Surgical techniques 167
Pinnectomy 167
Vertical or total ear canal ablation 167
Ventral bulla osteotomy 170
Complications 172
19 THYROID AND PARATHYROID
Surgical anatomy 174
Surgical diseases of the thyroid gland 175
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 176
Thyroidectomy for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism 177
Complications 182
4 ABDOMINAL SURGERY
20 FELINE ABDOMINAL CAVITY HERNIAS 184
Introduction 184
Anatomy of the abdominal cavity 185
Surgical diseases of the abdomen 187
Exploratory laparotomy 187
Surgical technique 188
Postoperative complications 189
Hernias in the abdominal cavity 189
Peritoneal?diaphragmatic hernias 190
Inguinal hernias 196
Umbilical hernias 196
Abdominal wall hernias and ruptures 196
Bibliography 198
21 GASTRIC FOREIGN BODIES AND TUMORS 199
Surgical anatomy 199
Surgical diseases of the stomach in cats 200
Diagnosis 201
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 202
Surgical techniques 203
Gastrotomy 203
Y-U pyloroplasty 204
Postoperative care 206
Complications 206
Bibliography 207
22 INTESTINAL FOREIGN BODIES AND TUMORS 208
Surgical anatomy 208
General diagnostic approach to surgical
diseases of the intestine 210
Clinical signs 210
Pathophysiology of obstruction 210
Diagnostic tests 210
Radiology 210
Ultrasound 212
Endoscopy 212
Abdominocentesis 212
Blood testing 213
Surgical pathologies of the small intestine 213
Foreign bodies 213
Intussusception 214
Mesenteric volvulus 214
Trauma 215
Neoplasia 215
Nonneoplastic lesions: polyps and granulomas 216
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 216
Surgical techniques 216
Intestinal biopsy 216
Enterotomy 216
Enterectomy and anastomosis 217
Postoperative care 218
Bibliography 220
23 PERIANAL SURGERY 221
Surgical anatomy 221
Anal and perianal surgical diseases 221
Anal atresia 221
Incomplete anogenital closure 222
Anal sac disease 222
Perianal fistulas 223
Anal stenosis 223
Anal/rectal prolapse 224
Surgical techniques 224
Reconstruction of the anus in anal atresia 224
Treatment of rectal prolapse 227
Colopexy 227
Anal sacculectomy 228
Open technique 228
Closed technique 228
Complications and postoperative care 229
Bibliography 229
24 SPLENECTOMY 230
Surgical anatomy 230
Splenic diseases 230
Splenic torsion 233
Preoperative considerations 233
Surgical techniques 233
Total splenectomy 233
Partial splenectomy 234
Complications and postoperative care 234
25 KIDNEY AND URETER SURGERY 236
Surgical anatomy 236
Anatomy of the kidney 236
Anatomy of the feline ureter 237
Surgical diseases of the kidney 237
Nephrolithiasis 237
Trauma 237
Neoplasia 238
Renal abscesses 239
Idiopathic renal hematuria 239
Surgical diseases of the ureter 239
Ureterolithiasis 239
Ureteral trauma/rupture 239
Ureteral neoplasia 240
Ureteral ectopia 240
Diagnosis 240
Preoperative considerations 240
Surgical techniques for the kidney 242
Renal biopsy 242
Percutaneous biopsy 242
Ultrasound-guided biopsy 243
Open biopsy 243
Nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy 243
Nephroureterectomy 244
Partial nephrectomy 244
Surgical techniques for the ureter 245
Ureterotomy 246
Ureteral endoprosthesis (stent) 246
Subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) system 247
Postoperative care 251
26 BLADDER SURGERY 253
Surgical anatomy 253
Surgical diseases of the feline bladder 254
Diagnosis 256
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 257
Surgical techniques 258
Cystotomy/cystectomy 258
Cystostomy tubes 259
Complications 261
Bibliography 261
27 URETHROSTOMY 262
Surgical anatomy 262
Surgical diseases of the feline urethra 263
Diagnosis 264
Preoperative and postoperative considerations 266
Surgical techniques 266
Perineal urethrostomy 266
Modified urethrostomy using preputial mucosa 267
Prepubic urethrostomy 269
28 ORCHIECTOMY AND CRYPTORCHIDISM 272
Surgical anatomy 272
Surgical diseases of the male reproductive system 273
Surgical procedures of the scrotum and testicles 273
Cryptorchidism 273
Testicular tumors 275
Surgical procedures of the penis and prepuce 275
Surgical procedures of the prostate 275
Surgical techniques 275
Orchiectomy 275
Resolution of cryptorchidism 277
Inguinal testicle 277
Abdominal testicle 277
Complications 277
Bibliography 278
29 OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY, PYOMETRA AND CAESAREAN SECTION 279
Surgical anatomy 279
Surgical diseases of the ovary 280
Congenital ovarian abnormalities 280
Ovarian cysts 280
Ovarian tumors 280
Ovarian remnant syndrome 281
Surgical diseases of the uterus 281
Congenital uterine abnormalities 281
Uterine tumors 282
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra 282
Surgical techniques 282
Midline ovariohysterectomy 282
Flank ovariohysterectomy 284
Ovariectomy 284
Technique selection: ovariectomy or ovariohysterectomy? 285
Pyometra as a special case 285
Surgical technique in pyometra 286
Caesarean section 286
Dystocia 286
When to intervene? 286
Anesthetic considerations 287
Surgical technique in cesarean section 287
Postoperative complications and prognosis 288
Uterine prolapse 288
Galactostasis and mastitis 288
Postpartum metritis 288
Hemorrhage 289
Inadvertent ligation of the ureter 289
Stump pyometra 289
External suture dehiscence 289
Peritonitis 289
Adhesions 290
Bibliography 290
5 TRAUMATOLOGY IN CATS
30 ASSESSMENT AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF POLYTRAUMATIZED CATS 292
Initial assessment of polytraumatized cats 292
Complementary tests 295
Pain management for polytraumatized patients 295
Initial treatment of fractures 296
Bibliography 299
31 COMMON FRACTURES OF THE FORELIMB IN
POLYTRAUMATIZED CATS 300
Fractures of the humeral diaphysis 300
Surgical anatomy and approach 300
Stabilization of fractures 301
Complications 304
Fractures of the distal humeral epiphysis 305
Surgical anatomy 305
Fractures and stabilization methods 305
Complications 306
Fractures of the radius and ulna 307
Surgical anatomy and approach 307
Stabilization of fractures 307
Complications 308
Carpal injuries 309
Fracture of the accessory bone of the carpus 309
Injuries caused by hyperextension of the carpus 309
Surgical approach 309
Partial carpal arthrodesis 310
Pancarpal arthrodesis 310
Complications 312
Fractures of the metacarpal bones 313
Surgical approach 313
Treatment of fractures 313
Complications 313
Bibliography 314
32 FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS AND COXOFEMORAL JOINT 315
Introduction 315
Clinical signs 315
Sacroiliac luxation 316
Treatment 316
Complications 318
Iliac fractures 318
Treatment 318
Complications 319
Acetabular fractures 319
Treatment 319
Complications 321
Ischial fractures 321
Coxofemoral luxation 321
Treatment 322
Complications 325
Bibliography 327
33 COMMON FRACTURES OF THE HIND LIMB IN POLYTRAUMATIZED CATS 328
Femoral fractures 328
Fractures of the proximal femur 328
Treatment 329
Complications 331
Fractures of the femoral diaphysis 331
Treatment 331
Complications 334
Fractures of the distal femur 334
Treatment 334
Complications 336
Tibial and fibular fractures 337
Forms of stabilization 337
Fractures of the proximal tibia and fibula 339
Fractures of the tibial and fibular diaphysis 339
Fractures of the distal tibia and malleolus
of the fibula 340
Complications 341
Tarsal injuries 342
Calcaneal fractures 342
Tibiotarsal joint luxation 343
Tarsal arthrodesis 343
Partial tarsal arthrodesis 343
Pantarsal arthrodesis 344
Complications 344
Metatarsal fracture 345
Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
of the stifle 345
Treatment 346
Extracapsular lateral suture stabilization 347
Complications 348
Bibliography 351
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